Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff Comparison - Dog breed selector: Old English Mastiff or Bully or Alpine Molosser? Find the right dog for you
"Find similarities and differences between Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff"
Compare Mastiff and Pakistani Mastiff. Which is better: Mastiff or Pakistani Mastiff or Alpine Mastiff?
| Name | Mastiff | Pakistani Mastiff | Alpine Mastiff |
|---|---|---|---|
| Origins | |||
| Group | Working Dogs | Guard Dogs | Extinct |
| Popularity Rank | 28 | 515 | 538 |
| Reviews | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| User Ratings | |||
| Common Names & Aliases
Compare alternative names and nicknames used for Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff breeds. |
Old English Mastiff English Mastiff |
Bully Indian Alangu Mastiff Indian Mastiff Pakistani Mastiff Sindhi Mastiff Bully Cutha | Alpine Molosser |
|---|---|---|---|
| Breed Classification
How do breed classifications differ between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff? Compare their breeding categories. | Purebred | Purebred | Purebred |
Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff Size and Weight Comparison
| Size Classification
Compare size differences between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which breed is the largest? | Giant | Giant | Giant |
|---|---|---|---|
| Weight Statistics
How do weights compare between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff? Compare adult weight ranges. | Male: 150-250 pounds (68-113 kg), Female: 120-180 pounds (54-82 kg) | Male: 150-170 pounds (67.5-76.5 kg), Female: 130-150 pounds (58.5-67.5 kg) | 340-350 pounds (154-160 kg) |
| Average Weight
Which dog has a smaller / higher average weight? | Male: 200 pounds (90.5 kg), Female: 150 pounds (68 kg) | Male: 160 pounds (72 kg), Female: 140 pounds (63 kg) | 345 pounds (157 kg) |
| Height
Which is taller, Mastiff or Pakistani Mastiff or Alpine Mastiff? Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff height comparison: | Male: 30 inches (76 cm), Female: 27.5 inches (70 cm) | Male: 30-44 inches (76.2-111.8 cm), Female: 28-36 inches (71.1-91.4 cm) | 35-40 inches (89-101 cm) |
| Average Height
Which dog has a smaller / higher average height? | Male: 30 inches (76 cm), Female: 27.5 inches (70 cm) | Male: 37 inches (94 cm), Female: 32 inches (81.25 cm) | 37.5 inches (95 cm) |
Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff Price and Availability Comparison
| Price Range
Compare puppy costs for Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Find price differences between these breeds. | $1200-$1500 | $500-$600 | Unavailable |
|---|---|---|---|
| Availability
Which is easier to get, Mastiff or Pakistani Mastiff or Alpine Mastiff? | Very frequent: The Mastiff is quite easy to get. | Rare: You may rarely see each other in everyday life, but you might catch a glimpse of each other at dog shows. | Unavailable: This dog breed, unfortunately, is no longer available, it may even be extinct. |
Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff Trainability and Intelligence Comparison
| Intelligence Rating
Compare intelligence levels between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which breed ranks highest? | Average: It takes patience to teach this breed any tricks or commands, but the effort is worth it. | Average: It takes patience to teach this breed any tricks or commands, but the effort is worth it. | Low to average: This canine intelligence is not the brightest one. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Training Difficulty
Compare training difficulty levels between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which is easiest to train? | Mastiff dogs are quite easy to train. | Pakistani Mastiff dogs are easy to train. | Alpine Mastiff dogs are quite easy to train. |
| Watchdog Rating
Compare watchdog abilities of Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which breed is most alert? | Mastiff dogs are one of the best watchdogs. | Pakistani Mastiff dogs are one of the best watchdogs. | Alpine Mastiff dogs are average watchdogs. |
| Territorial Protection
Compare territorial instincts between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which breed is most protective? | Mastiff dogs are extremely protective guard dogs. | Pakistani Mastiff dogs strongly protect their territory. | Alpine Mastiff dogs strongly protect their territory. |
Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff Personality and Temperament Comparison
| Personality Traits
How do personalities differ between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff? Compare temperaments. |
Protective Alert Courageous Intelligent Affectionate Loyal Cheerful |
Protective Docile Aggressive | Friendly |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sensitivity Level
Which dog is more sensitive? What's the difference? | Mastiff dogs have an average emotional level and are not the most sensitive dog breed. | Pakistani Mastiff dogs have an average emotional level and are not the most sensitive dog breed. | They are a little bit more sensitive than other dog breeds. |
| Affection Level
Which is the more affectionate dog breed: Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff? | High: Mastiff dogs are genuinely loyal, soft and gentle, loving, and affectionate dogs toward their handlers. | High: Pakistani Mastiff dogs are genuinely loyal, soft and gentle, loving, and affectionate dogs toward their handlers. | Average to High: Alpine Mastiff dogs are highly affectionate dogs. |
| Social Needs
Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff social needs comparison: | Mastiff dogs need for social interaction is average. | Pakistani Mastiff dogs need for social interaction is average. | Alpine Mastiff dogs need a lot of social interaction. |
| Impulse to Wander or Roam
Which dog has a greater roaming instinct? | Mastiff dogs are not the biggest explorers. | Pakistani Mastiff dogs are not the biggest explorers. | Alpine Mastiff dogs tend to escape less than other breeds. |
| Prey Drive
Which dog has a higher prey drive? Which can be better for hunting? | Their prey drive is low. | Pakistani Mastiff dogs have a higher impulse to chase and catch something than other dog breeds. | Alpine Mastiff dogs have low to an average impulse to chase and catch something like a cat or any other small aminals. |
Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff Activity and Playfulness Comparison
| Barking Frequency
Compare barking frequencies of Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which breed is most vocal? | Low: The Mastiff barks none to minimal. | Low to Average: The Pakistani Mastiff rarely barks. | Average: The Alpine Mastiff barks occasionally. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Playful Nature
Compare playfulness levels between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which breed is most playful? | Mastiffs are not the most playful dog breed. | Pakistani Mastiffs are not the most playful dog breed. | Alpine Mastiffs are not the most playful dog breed. |
| Apartment Adaptability
Compare apartment suitability of Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which adapts best to small spaces? | It is not the best choice if you want to keep them indoors, however, with careful exercise and several walks a day, they will tolerate the indoor environment, so it is possible to keep Mastiff indoors. | It is not the best choice if you want to keep them indoors, however, with careful exercise and several walks a day, they will tolerate the indoor environment, so it is possible to keep Pakistani Mastiff indoors. | Not an apartment-friendly dog the Alpine Mastiff breed. |
Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff Adaptability and Independence Comparison
| Lifestyle Adaptability
Compare adaptability between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which breed is most flexible? | Mastiff dogs adapt very well to lifestyle changes and basically all living environments. | Average: Pakistani Mastiff dogs adapt to lifestyle changes and different living environments quite okay usually. | Alpine Mastiff dogs adapt well to lifestyle changes and different living environments. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alone Time Tolerance
Which dog can be left alone: Mastiff or Pakistani Mastiff or Alpine Mastiff? | Just like every puppy, they are prone to panic, cry, bark, whine when they left alone by their owner. | Just like every puppy, they are prone to panic, cry, bark, whine when they left alone by their owner. | Alpine Mastiff dogs tend to have separation anxiety when their owners left them alone at home because they bond very closely with them. |
Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff Bite Characteristics Comparison
| Bite Risk Assessment
Compare biting potential between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which has lowest bite risk? | Moderate ⏺ The Mastiff has an average chance of biting somebody. | Low 🔽 The Pakistani Mastiff has a low chance of biting somebody. | Low 🔽 The Alpine Mastiff has a low chance of biting somebody. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mouthing Tendency
Compare mouthing tendencies between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which uses mouth most during play? | Mastiff dogs have a higher than average tendency to nip, chew, playbite, or herd people. | Pakistani Mastiff dogs have a higher than average tendency to nip, chew, playbite, or herd people. | Alpine Mastiff dogs have a higher than average tendency to nip, chew, playbite, or herd people. |
| Bite Strength Rating
Compare bite forces between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which has the strongest bite? | Above 400 PSI 🔼 Mastiff bite force: The Strongest. | Above 400 PSI 🔼 Pakistani Mastiff bite force: The Strongest. | Above 400 PSI 🔼 Alpine Mastiff bite force: The Strongest. |
Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff Health and Lifespan Comparison
| Average Lifespan
Compare life expectancies of Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which breed lives longest? |
10-12 years The average lifespan of Mastiff: 11 years |
10-12 years The average lifespan of Pakistani Mastiff: 11 years |
10-12 years The average lifespan of Alpine Mastiff: 11 years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Climate Tolerance
Compare weather adaptability between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which handles climate changes best? | Prefers average to cold weather conditions The Mastiff can adapt to well to cold weather conditions, some dogs even can be a good mountain dog. | Prefers average to cold weather conditions The Pakistani Mastiff can adapt to well to cold weather conditions, some dogs even can be a good mountain dog. | Prefers average to cold weather conditions The Alpine Mastiff can adapt to well to cold weather conditions, some dogs even can be a good mountain dog. |
| Health Concerns
Compare health problems common in Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which has fewer health issues? | Mastiffs are commonly healthy dogs. | Pakistani Mastiffs tend to have more frequent health issues than other breeds. | Alpine Mastiffs are commonly healthy dogs. |
| Vet Care Frequency
Which one may need more or less veterinary visits? |
Rare The Mastiff should have a complete physical check-up at least every 12-18 months (but preferably once per year). |
Frequent The Pakistani Mastiff should have a complete physical check-up at least once (but preferably twice) per year. |
Rare The Alpine Mastiff should have a complete physical check-up at least every 12-18 months (but preferably once per year). |
| Health Problems
Which one has more or less genetic/health problems: Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff? What are the allergies, genetic diseases and concerns for them? Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff health problems comparison: | Hip Dysplasia Cancer Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) Bloat Seizures Cystinuria | No data available | No data available |
Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff Energy and Activity Comparison
| Energy Rating
Compare energy levels between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which breed is most active? | Mastiff dogs have a lower energy level than other dogs. | Pakistani Mastiff dogs have an average energy level, so if you live a semi-active life, this breed can be a good choice for you. | Alpine Mastiff dogs have an average energy level, so if you live a semi-active life, this breed can be a good choice for you. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Activity Requirement / Exercise Need
Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff exercise need comparison. Which dog needs more activity? Which dog needs the most exercise: Mastiff or Pakistani Mastiff or Alpine Mastiff? Which dog needs the most walking? Which dog is the laziest? | Mastiff dogs exercise need is minimal. | Pakistani Mastiff dogs have an average exercise need. | Alpine Mastiff dogs exercise need is minimal. |
| Sleeping Need
Which one sleeps the least/most: Mastiff or Pakistani Mastiff or Alpine Mastiff? | Mastiff dogs like sleeping so they do sleep a lot. | Pakistani Mastiff dogs sleep 12-14 hours a day as an average dog and they're not considered a lazy breed. | Alpine Mastiff dogs like sleeping so they do sleep a lot. |
Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff Diet and Weight Management Comparison
| Obesity Tendency
Compare weight gain tendencies between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which is most prone to obesity? | Average to High: If you don't pay attention to the Mastiff's weight, he can easily gain weight. | Average to High: If you don't pay attention to the Pakistani Mastiff's weight, he can easily gain weight. | Average to High: If you don't pay attention to the Alpine Mastiff's weight, he can easily gain weight. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Food Consumption
Compare food requirements between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which needs most food? | 8 to 10 cups of high-quality dry food a day, divided into two meals | 8 to 10 cups of high-quality dry food a day, divided into two meals | 15 to 16 cups of high-quality dry food a day, divided into two meals. |
Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff Allergies and Grooming Comparison
| Allergy Friendliness
Compare hypoallergenic qualities of Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which is best for allergy sufferers? | No See more. | No See more. | No See more. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coat Colors
Compare color variations between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. What colors are available? |
Fawn Brindle Apricot |
Black Brown Fawn Brindle | Brindle Brown |
| Grooming Requirements
Compare grooming needs between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which requires most maintenance? | Easy to groom: The Mastiff doesn't require a lot of grooming. | Effortless: The Pakistani Mastiff requires minimal grooming. | Easy to groom: The Alpine Mastiff doesn't require a lot of grooming. |
| Drooling Tendency
Compare drooling tendencies between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which drools least? | The Mastiff is a big drooler, so if you're disgusted by slobber spots on your clothes, you should choose a dog from another breed. | The Pakistani Mastiff is a big drooler, so if you're disgusted by slobber spots on your clothes, you should choose a dog from another breed. | The Alpine Mastiff is a big drooler, so if you're disgusted by slobber spots on your clothes, you should choose a dog from another breed. |
| Stinkiness Rating
Compare odor levels between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which has least natural smell? | High 🔼 The Mastiff has a high chance of bad smell. | Medium ⏺ The Pakistani Mastiff has an average chance of bad smell. | High 🔼 The Alpine Mastiff has a high chance of bad smell. |
| Coat Characteristics
Compare coat types between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. How do their fur characteristics differ? | Dense | Waterproof | Rough |
| Bathing Needs
Compare bathing needs between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which requires most frequent baths? | 4-6 weeks Average. Experts recommended at least every 4-6 weeks for this family pup. | 3-4 weeks More often than average. These dog coats tend to be longer, softer, and oilier than short-haired breeds. | 4-6 weeks Average. Experts recommended at least every 4-6 weeks for this family pup. |
| Shedding Level
Who sheds more Mastiff or Pakistani Mastiff or Alpine Mastiff? Mastiff or Pakistani Mastiff or {name3 shedding: | Mastiff dogs shed moderately. | Pakistani Mastiff dogs shed moderately. | Alpine Mastiff dogs shed above average. |
Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff Good With Comparison
| Child Compatibility
Compare child-friendliness between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which is best with kids? | Mastiff dogs are very kid-friendly dogs. | Pakistani Mastiff dogs are not the most kid-friendly dogs. | Alpine Mastiff dogs are kid-friendly dogs. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pet Compatibility
Which dog breeds get along well with other animals/pets? | Mastiff dogs are one of the friendliest dog breeds. | Pakistani Mastiff dogs usually don’t get on well with other pets. | Alpine Mastiff dogs are usually friendly towards other pets. |
| Stranger Friendly
Which dog is more stranger friendly Mastiff or Pakistani Mastiff or Alpine Mastiff? Which dog is more friendly? | Mastiff dogs are average friendly towards strangers. | Pakistani Mastiff dogs are not the most stranger-friendly dogs. | Alpine Mastiff dogs are not the most stranger-friendly dogs. |
| Cat Friendly
Which dog is more cat friendly Mastiff or Pakistani Mastiff or Alpine Mastiff? | Mastiff dogs are very cat-friendly dogs. | Pakistani Mastiff dogs are not the most cat-friendly dogs. | Alpine Mastiff dogs are cat-friendly dogs. |
| Dog Friendly
Which dog is more dog friendly Mastiff or Pakistani Mastiff or Alpine Mastiff? | Mastiff dogs are average friendly towards other dogs. | Pakistani Mastiff dogs are not the most dog-friendly dogs. | Alpine Mastiff dogs are dog-friendly dogs. |
| Good For First Time Owners
Which dog is good for the first-time owners: Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff? |
Yes Mastiff dogs are good for novice owners, due to their easy-going personality. |
Yes Pakistani Mastiff dogs are good for novice owners, due to their easy-going personality. |
Yes Alpine Mastiff dogs are good for novice owners, due to their easy-going personality. |
| Office Friendly
Which one fits better in the office? |
No Mastiff is not the best dog breed for office environment. |
No Pakistani Mastiff is not the best dog breed for office environment. |
No Alpine Mastiff is not the best dog breed for office environment. |
| Senior Citizens Friendly
Which dog is good for elderly people? | Mastiffs are one of the best breeds for elderly people. | Pakistani Mastiffs are not the best breed for elderly people. | Alpine Mastiffs are usually recommended for elderly people. |
Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff As a Working Dog Comparison
| Service Dog Capability
Compare service dog potential between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which is best suited for service work? | Not really This breed generally not used as a service dog. | Not really This breed generally not used as a service dog. | Not really This breed generally not used as a service dog. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Therapy Work Suitability
Compare therapy dog potential between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which excels in therapy work? | Not really This breed is generally not used as a therapy dog. | Not really This breed is generally not used as a therapy dog. | Not really This breed is generally not used as a therapy dog. |
| Scent Detection Ability
Compare detection capabilities between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which has best nose work ability? | Not really They are not typically employed for this type of work, but there may be exceptional cases. | Not really They are not typically employed for this type of work, but there may be exceptional cases. | Not really They are not typically employed for this type of work, but there may be exceptional cases. |
| Search & Rescue Potential
Compare search and rescue potential between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which is best for SAR work? | Not really This dog breed is not typically used as a search and rescue dog. | Not really This dog breed is not typically used as a search and rescue dog. | Not really This dog breed is not typically used as a search and rescue dog. |
| Maritime Work Ability
Compare boating aptitude between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which is best suited for water work? | Not really Mastiff breed usually doesn't like being on a boat. | Not really Pakistani Mastiff breed usually doesn't like being on a boat. | Not really Alpine Mastiff breed usually doesn't like being on a boat. |
| Draft Work Capability
Compare cart pulling abilities between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which is best for draft work? | Yes A drafting dog or draft dog is a dog bred and used for cart pulling. | Not really A drafting dog or draft dog is a dog bred and used for cart pulling. | Not really A drafting dog or draft dog is a dog bred and used for cart pulling. |
| Military Service Background
Compare military service history of Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which has most military use? | Not really In history, this breed was not really used for combat dog. | Yes In history, this breed was unfortunately used for combat dogs. | Not really In history, this breed was not really used for combat dog. |
Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff Reproducibility Comparison
| Puppy Litter Size
Compare typical litter sizes of Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which has most puppies? | 3-5 puppies | 5-10 puppies | 5-12 puppies |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pregnancy Duration
Compare gestation periods of Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Any breeding differences? | 60-64 days See more. | 60-64 days See more. | 60-64 days See more. |
| Breeding Frequency
Compare breeding intervals between Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. What's recommended? | Once a year. More frequent breeding is not healthy. | Once a year. More frequent breeding is not healthy. | Once a year. More frequent breeding is not healthy. |
Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff Recognition Comparison
| AKC Classification
Compare AKC groups for Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. How are they classified? | Recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1885 as a Working breed. | Not recognized by the American Kennel Club. | Not recognized by the American Kennel Club. |
|---|---|---|---|
| FCI Classification
Compare FCI groups for Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. How are they classified internationally? | Not recognized by FCI. | Not recognized by FCI. | Not recognized by FCI. |
| Kennel Club Recognition
Compare breed recognition status of Mastiff, Pakistani Mastiff, and Alpine Mastiff. Which has most recognition? |
American Canine Registry American Kennel Club America's Pet Registry Canadian Kennel Club Dog Registry of America Inc. Federation Cynologique Internationale Kennel Club of Great Britain North American Purebred Registry, Inc. American Canine Association, Inc. Australian National Kennel Council Continental Kennel Club National Kennel Club New Zealand Kennel Club United Kennel Club | No data available | No data available |
Popular Dog Compares
Sharing is caring.
Help our free service by spreading information about dog breeds.
Link to this: Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff Comparison - Dog breed selector: Old English Mastiff or Bully or Alpine Molosser? Find the right dog for you
<a href="https://ftp.dogell.com/en/compare-dog-breeds/mastiff-vs-pakistani-mastiff-vs-alpine-mastiff">Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff Comparison - Dog breed selector: Old English Mastiff or Bully or Alpine Molosser? Find the right dog for you</a>
Help our free service by spreading information about dog breeds.
Link to this: Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff Comparison - Dog breed selector: Old English Mastiff or Bully or Alpine Molosser? Find the right dog for you
<a href="https://ftp.dogell.com/en/compare-dog-breeds/mastiff-vs-pakistani-mastiff-vs-alpine-mastiff">Mastiff vs Pakistani Mastiff vs Alpine Mastiff Comparison - Dog breed selector: Old English Mastiff or Bully or Alpine Molosser? Find the right dog for you</a>


